Salinity soil and water farm management agriculture. Two onefoot long sand packs with 8% initial water saturation and 50% porosity were aged in crude oil for two weeks and flooded with either a low salinity ppm nacl, ph 6. The recovery of crude oil from geological reservoirs is a complex process that bridges multiple length scales. Lowsalinity flooding in a selected carbonate reservoir. Electrical conductivity is measured in microsiemens per centimeter uscm. Mechanistic modelling of low salinity waterflood in clastics. Spontaneous imbibition scaling of viscosity ratio etc.
Experimental evidence of low salinity water flooding. This paper includes a description of the seawater cycle match and two. Mar 17, 20 the results also indicate that there is an optimum salinity for different tested brines but the observed optimum salinity does not correlate with the optimum oil recovery by low salinity flooding. This special issue seeks high quality submissions, which are devoted to recent research advancements, development and application of low salinity water flooding processes for enhanced oil recovery in both sandstone and carbonate reservoirs including but not limited to the following. Summary when considering whether a water source is suitable for livestock, it is essential to test. Numerical study of low salinity water flooding in naturally. Effects of flooding, salinity and herbivory on coastal plant. In a tertiary flooding mode, the core is first flooded with formation water until the oil production plateau is reached. Wettability alteration during low salinity waterflooding. An experimental investigation of low salinity oil recovery in carbonate and sandstone formation. A study of low salinity water flooding in 1d and 2d. Lowsalinity water injection has been utilized as a promising method for oil. Low salinity waterflooding lsw has been confirmed as.
Low salinity water is a promising technique for improving oil recovery in sandstone reservoirs. On the other hand, polymer flooding is performed to control fluids mobility. Rossen is professor in reservoir engineering in the. In standard water flooding oil recovery, water, typically sea water is injected on a macroscopic scale into the oilcarrying rock layers to push the oil from these injection wells towards a production well, where the oil is produced. This webinar discusses the low salinity water injection workflow available in gem and introduced a practical modelling workflow. The main recovery mechanism behind low salinity waterflooding is wettability alteration to more water wet state. Low salinity water flooding in carbonate reservoirs iopscience. An enhanced oil recovery method that uses water with a low concentration of dissolved salts as a flooding medium. Efficiency of enhanced oil recovery using polymeraugmented. Throughout australia, there are large areas of naturally saline soils. Learn the mechanisms involved in low salinity water injection lswi as an enhanced oil recovery eor process and the application of advanced simulation tools to model this process. Investigation of the potential of low salinity water. Modeling of low salinity effects in sandstone oil rocks 97 directly involved in the waterrock chemistry model in terms of the mie process. Mechanisms behind low salinity water flooding in carbonate reservoirs conference paper pdf available april 20 with 864 reads how we measure reads.
Pdf low salinity water flooding by spontaneous imbibition. The salt content of water affects the distribution of animal and plant species. Causes of salinity intrusion in coastal belt of bangladesh. Salinity is an ecological factor of considerable importance, influencing the types of organisms that live in a body of water. Flooding with low salinity water causes desorption of petroleum heavy ends from the clays present on the pore wall, resulting in a more waterwet rock surface, a lower remaining oil saturation and higher oil recovery. Conditions for a lowsalinity enhanced oil recovery eor. Mechanistic modelling of low salinity waterflood in. Therefore, interfacial tension may not be responsible for the increase in oil recovery due to the injection of low salinity water. Improved oil recovery mechanisms from low salinity water injection in clastic and carbonate formations practical process modelling approaches using new and existing features in cmg software differences between the simulation results of the mechanistic modelling. Modeling of low salinity waterflooding for enhanced oil recovery. The core flood setup consisted of a highpressure positive. Chemical mechanism of low salinity water flooding in sandstone reservoirs. However, the optimum conditions that improve oil recovery by low salinity flooding are uncertain due to the lack of understanding of fluidrock interaction mechanisms.
Gallons literslitres milliliters ml cubic centimeters cubic inches cubic feet cubic meters level teaspoons level tablespoons level u. Dhrtc invites you to this workshop on modified salinity water flooding on friday the 15th of june 2018. Chemical mechanism of low salinity water flooding i n. The main recovery mechanism behind low salinity waterflooding is wettability alteration to more waterwet state. This study aims to investigate the possibility of using low salinity water flooding in naturally fractured reservoirs. Pdf mechanisms behind low salinity water flooding in. Wettability and lowsalinity water flooding 5th delft summer school pavel bedrikovetsky is professor of petroleum engineering at the university of adelaide. Since the first experimental observations of the increased oil recovery in the socalled low salinity water flooding, many researchers have been trying to understand the underlying mechanisms and the necessary conditions for the successful. Lowering salinity of injection water can make the interface of oilbrine and brinemineral more negatively charged, resulting in enhanced repulsive forces between the interfaces, and then wettability alteration occurred hassenkam et. Thereafter, the injected fluid is switched to low salinity water by diluting the formation water with distilled water until the salinity is in. January 12 low salinity water flooding 7 sis training example 35 g dissolved salt kg sea water schlumberger private 35 gl 35 kgm3 35 ppt 35% january 12 3. Since the first experimental observations of the increased oil recovery in the socalled low salinity waterflooding, many researchers have been trying to understand the underlying mechanisms and the necessary conditions for the successful. Numerical study of low salinity water flooding in naturally fractured oil reservoirs. Low salinity water has been reported as being capable of improving oil recovery in sandstone cores under certain conditions.
Thereafter, the injected fluid is switched to low salinity water by diluting the formation water with distilled water until the salinity is in the range of to 2000 ppm. Chemical mechanism of low salinity water flooding in sandstone. In this study, geochemical simulation results show that the mie cannot be credited as the only mechanism of low salinity water flooding, but double layer expansion, induced by multicomponent ion exchange, needs to be included to elucidate the mechanisms of lowsalinity water flooding. Several studies shown that oil recovery significantly increase by low salinity water flooding lswf in sandstone.
Experimental study of low salinity water flooding and. In an estuary, the flow of fresh water from streams and rivers mixes with salty ocean water producing a range of salinity from 0 to 35ppt. Enhanced oil recovery in high salinity high temperature reservoir by chemical flooding. When performing a secondary low salinity flood, the core is restored after the formation waterflood, and a new flood is performed with the low saline water. Also, these fines may block preferential paths and force injected water to flood new pore spaces. Low salinity as new technique of enhanced oil recovery.
Salinity refers to the movement and concentration of salt, in landscapes. First, a set of experiments was performed by flooding with formation brine until the recovery plateau was reached, then the core was restored to the initial state and lowsalinity water was injected. A plant adapted to saline conditions is called a halophyte. Low salinity flooding of reservoir cores including cbm water, chemical analysis and inline monitoring of ph and conductivity of effluent brine behrooz raeesi, ph. The objective of this paper is to investigate the main mechanisms behind the lswi effect on oil recovery from carbonates through historymatching of a recently published coreflood. An experimental investigation of low salinity oil recovery. These conventional water flooding projects have involved the use of seawater or produced water, which is high salinity. January 12 low salinity water flooding 7 sis training example 35 g dissolved salt kg sea water schlumberger private 35 gl 35 kgm3 35 ppt 35% january 12. The authors conducted core flood experiments to determine the effect of water salinity on oil recovery in the secondary and tertiary modes.
The results also indicate that there is an optimum salinity for different tested brines but the observed optimum salinity does not correlate with the optimum oil recovery by lowsalinity flooding. As well, salinity influences the kinds of plants that will grow either in a water body, or on land fed by a water or by a groundwater. Abstract low salinity water is a promising technique for improving oil recovery in sandstone reservoirs. Potential problems associated with waterflood techniques include inefficient recovery due to variable permeability, or similar conditions affecting fluid transport within the reservoir, and early water breakthrough that may cause production and. Low salinity water can be used for most crops on most soils with all methods of water application. Most of the available literature has dedicated efforts to investigate the effect of low salinity water injection, especially for sandstone.
Measurement of salinitytotal dissolved solids background the australian drinking water guidelines adwg state that based on taste, total dissolved solids in drinking water should not exceed 500 mgl. An insitu saponification occurs with certain compounds of oil. Formation damage due to water injection was the main issue of water flooding design process for many years. Low salinity waterflooding in carbonate reservoirs mdpi. Freshwater is usually between 0 and 1,500 uscm and typical sea water has a. Low salinity w ater injection lswi is the process that includes the injection of water with low concentration o f the total dissolved solids in the rese rvoir as a chemical eor process mcgui re. Low salinity water flooding is a newly developed eor technique in which chemistry play major role in improve oil recovery, it has been proposed that the concentration of salt manuscript received november 15, 2016. Plants with a medium salt tolerance can be grown, usually without special practices for salinity. Further studies on carbonate rocks also proved that low salinity effect might be observed for carbonate rocks as well. Modelling of low salinity water flooding using stars and gem cmg is now offering training courses online due to the current circumstances with covid19. Modeling of low salinity waterflooding for enhanced oil. Therefore, high salinity is usually recorded in the summer and low salinity in the winter. Wettability and low salinity water flooding 5th delft summer school pavel bedrikovetsky is professor of petroleum engineering at the university of adelaide.
The goal of this research was to study the effect of salinity on the waterflood of initially oilwet clayrich sand packs. Low salinity water flooding is a very promising eor method in recent years in which chemistry play major role in improving oil recovery. Baldcypress has been shown to tolerate salinities of 3 ppt, but only if intermittently exposed pezeshki, 1990. Low salinity, sequential waterflooding, and interfacial properties siluni wickramatilaka, ph. Low salinity water flooding screening tool field name. Enhanced oil recovery in high salinity high temperature. By reda abdel azim, sara faiz, shaik rahman, ahmed elbagir and nour al obaidi. Field rating potential for incremental oil and higher rates 31. First, a set of experiments was performed by flooding with formation brine until the recovery plateau was reached, then the core was restored to the initial state and low salinity water was injected. The unknown variables we solve for are water saturation s dimensionless, and concentrations cna, ccl, cca, cso, cmg in terms of mole per liter water. Hurricane rita inundated two of the more exposed sites fleming and mandalay with surge overwash of up to 12 ppt salinity. It is an emerging ior technique where the salinity of the injected water is controlled, and the mechanisms are debated. Effect of multicomponent ions exchange on low salinity eor. The sources of lowsalinity water are typically rivers, lakes.
Although the mechanisms of low salinity water is still debated, two major advantages of low salinity water flooding over other enhanced oil recovery eor techniques are. In standard water flooding oil recovery, water, typically seawater is injected on a macroscopic scale into the oilcarrying rock layers to push the oil from these injection wells towards a. Lowsalinity enhanced oil recovery eor effects have for a long time been associated with sandstone reservoirs containing clay minerals. Stateofthe art low salinity waterflooding for enhanced oil recovery. The mechanisms of low salinity water flooding lswf has been extensively investigated for 1520 years, as a costeffective and environmentally friendly technique for improved oil recovery. Further studies on carbonate rocks also proved that low salinity effect might be. This work is aimed at investigating the recovery efficiency of polymeraugmented low salinity waterflooding in heavy oil reservoirs. Low salinity water injection is an emerging eor technology, applicable to mixedtooilwet sandstone reservoirs. This scenario of gradual salinity intrusion in the coastal area of bangladesh is very threatening to the primary production. Water quality standards electrical conductivity is a measure of the saltiness of the water and is measured on a scale from 0 to 50,000 uscm. Background reduction of the salinity of the injection water has in the literature been reported to improve the oil recovery in sandstone rock, both in core floods and field pilots.
Waterflooding is largely designed without regard to the composition of the brine injected. Wind damage and salinity effects of hurricanes katrina and. Water flooding has for a long time been employed to improve oil recovery in many oil fields. Although wetland plant species are adapted to these stressors, questions persist as to how marshes may respond to changed abiotic variables caused by rslr, and how herbivory by native and nonnative mammals may affect this response. Low salinity waterflooding fundamentals and case studies. Pdf the low salinity water injection method losal has become one of the important research topics in the oil industry because of its enormous. Special issue on low salinity water flooding for enhanced. Salinity mainly affects land and water in the coastal areas. As bangladesh belongs to one of the seaside countries, the adverse impact of saltwater intrusion is significant here.
Low salinity water flooding proof of field pressure. The wettability changes are taking into account in terms of oil water relative, saturation and capillary pressure as these parameters play a key role during the simulation of brine injection. This is usually measured in note that this is technically dimensionless. Medium salinity water can be used if a moderate amount of leaching occurs.
Encouraging low salinity waterflood eor in the north sea. Potential problems associated with waterflood techniques include inefficient recovery due to variable permeability, or similar conditions affecting fluid transport within the reservoir. Low salinity water injection lswi is gaining popularity as an improved oil recovery technique in both secondary and tertiary injection modes. Pdf low salinity water flooding and combination of low.
Sources of salinity salts in soil and irrigation water may be either naturally present as products of geochemical weathering of rocks and parent materials derived directly from sea water by flooding, spray, or intrusion into groundwater resources caused by irrigation mismanagement, particularly when internal soil drainage is impeded. Efficiency of oil recovery by low salinity water flooding. With the consequence of climate change, it gradually extends towards inland water and soil. Modelling of low salinity water flooding using stars and. Hence, salinity can be described as either soil salinity or water salinity. Historical waterflood records could unintentionally provide some evidence of improved recovery from water flooding with lower salinity water.
His research covers low salinity waterflood, formation damage and eor. Therefore, interfacial tension may not be responsible for the increase in oil recovery due to the injection of lowsalinity water. Mechanisms behind low salinity water flooding in carbonate. Effect oil composition and divalent cations jie yang. Recently, a laboratory study showing lowsalinity eor effects from composite carbonate core material was reported. An experimental investigation of low salinity oil recovery in.
Flooding and salinity stress are predicted to increase in coastal louisiana as relative sea level rise rslr continues in the gulf of mexico region. Mysteries behind the low salinity water injection technique. Effect of multicomponent ions exchange on low salinity. There have been many hypotheses in literature on the actual mechanism that take place. Low salinity, removal of water blocks, rate effect, and core properties for screening cores nina loahardjo, ph. Performance of lowsalinity water flooding for enhanced oil recovery. Measuring the salinity of water salinity soil and water. However, many new developments have shown that reducing the salinity of the injected water increases the oil recovery. Oil recovery from heavy oil resources has always been a challenging task. Low salinity water flooding topics on low salinity water flooding are proposed below. Little likelihood that a salinity problem will develop. Salinity is a measure of the total concentration of inorganic ions salts in.
In the present paper, the results of oil recovery by lowsalinity water flooding from core material sampled from the aqueous zone of a. His research covers lowsalinity waterflood, formation damage and eor. Fresh water in streams and rivers usually has a salinity ranging from 0. Low initial ph, created by the presence of co2, increased the adsorption of polar components onto clays, which normally will lead to enhanced oil recovery due to the low salinity water flooding. Effects of flooding, salinity and herbivory on coastal. Salinity ranges from fresh to hypersaline as indicated in the table below. A method of secondary recovery in which water is injected into the reservoir formation to displace residual oil. Salinity is an important factor in determining many aspects of the chemistry of natural waters and of biological processes within it, and is a thermodynamic state variable. Salinity can vary during the year due to rain diluting the salt in the water. The water from injection wells physically sweeps the displaced oil to adjacent production wells. He authored a seminal book on reservoir engineering and over 200 papers in academic journals and spe. As a general rule, salinity is relatively low during periods of high flow and viceversa.